It decreases fat mass related to reduced insulin resistance, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as decreased activity of the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) and IκB kinase subunit β (IKKβ); thus, in liver and muscle, glutamine improves insulin signaling17. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Insulin resistance.