Based on this we suggest a framework for the role of AhR in lung cancer development from air pollution and other low concentrations of combustion PM, were AhR activation in macrophages and epithelial cells may represent the MIE leading release of IL-1 family cytokines such as IL-1 β and IL-18, and activation of EGFR which both contributes to induce proliferation of AT2 cells with EGFR driver mutations subsequently leading to tumor growth and lung ADC development (Fig. 2a). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and lung cancer.