CAT and neoplasm: BMNZs for cancer treatments can be generally categorized into two categories based on their ROS generation mechanism, utilizing tumor microenvironment characteristics such as excessive H2O2 and glucose: (1) BMNZs that produce ROS through POD- and OXD-like catalysis, and (2) BMNZs that yield ROS in the presence of photosensitizers and CAT mimetics in which O2 is produced to increase photodynamic therapy efficiency.