Most importantly, in those reports on T. marneffei pathogenesis, only a limited degree of cytokine induction, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (38) which are similar to the pro-inflammatory response against A. fumigatus (39), can be observed in macrophages or macrophage cell lines that were infected with the conidia of T. marneffei, implying that further improvement of the current infection model would be crucial for in-depth study of early innate immune response against T. marneffei. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.