It has been shown previously (53, 66, 67) and in the present study that transcriptions of TNF, CXCL8, and CXCL10 in hBECs were induced upon A. fumigatus infection (Fig. 5A), which could help recruit neutrophils, phagocytes, and/or other immune cells to the sites of infection for fungal clearance. Here, CXCL10 is linked to infection.