TNF and colitis: In the DSS-induced colitis mouse model, oral administration of bioactive compounds of P. oleracea extract (portulacanone C, cis-n-feruloyl-3′-methoxytyramine, and trans-n-feruloyltyramine) and 3% DSS led to significant reduction of cytokine levels such as TNF-α, IL-6, 1L-1β, IL-4, IL-17, and IFN-γ [174].