TNF and depressive symptom measurement: We showed that statistically adjusting for four biomarkers of inflammation—MIG and TNF-α in plasma and MIP1-α and IL-6 in CSF—attenuated the odds for depressive symptoms in people living with HIV, suggesting that these biomarkers are involved in mediating this risk.113 This recent study offers promising evidence that biomarkers of inflammation may be mechanistically involved in the increased risk for depression in people living with HIV and could thus be targeted when developing new or improved therapeutic interventions.