APOE and Alzheimer disease: Furthermore, increased aldehydic load, oxidative stress, reduced ATP levels and increased mitochondrial dysfunction seen in fibroblasts of an AD patient that also has an ALDH2*2 mutation or overexpression of ALDH2*2 in fibroblasts derived from AD patients with ApoE ε4 allele relative to healthy subjects, were all reduced following treatment with Alda-1 (Joshi et al., 2019).