TNF and acute kidney injury: Preclinical studies on animal models had demonstrated that α-klotho possesses antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity and suppressing interleukin (IL-) 6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels, and was potentially protective against diseases such as contrast-induced acute kidney injury, pulmonary epithelial damage from hyperoxia, valvular fibrosis, and cardiac dysfunction in cardiorenal syndrome (3–6).