FOXO3 and infection: Under these same quiescent low serum conditions, FoxO3-infected cells continued to show significantly increased cytoplasmic phosphorylated and total FoxO3 (Figures 5Q, R), and these levels were significantly reduced for phosphorylated FoxO3 and markedly (∼50%; p = 0.08) reduced for total FoxO3 with Ad-Smad3/Ad-FoxO3 infection.