CD8A and neoplasm: Nanovaccines need to undergo a five-step cascade reaction to exert their anti-tumor effects in vivo: loading of tumor-specific antigens by the nano-delivery system (L), priming of tumor antigens to lymph nodes (D), internalization by DCs (I), stimulation of DCs maturation (M), and presentation peptide-MHC I complexes to CD8+ T lymphocytes (P) (referred to as the LDIMP cascade) (113).To achieve an effective cell-mediated immune response, nanovaccines need to be carefully designed and optimized at each step to achieve a synergistic immunotherapy effect (Figure 1).