Immune complex forming microparticles (MP-IC) [54], extracellular vesicles [54], and high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) [55] were found to contribute to the polarization of M1 macrophages, which play a pro-inflammatory role in the pathogenesis and severity of SLE [56]. The gene discussed is HMGB1; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.