Studies have demonstrated that CAFs cause the release of interleukins like IL-6 and IL-11 interact with IL-6R and IL-11 on GBM cells, activating the intracellular JAK/STAT3 pathway or the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway and increasing the activity of cancer cells in terms of invasion, migration, and metastasis.118. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL12 and glioblastoma.