Apart from physiological functions, KDM4A is also involved in modulating several non-cancer diseases by regulating different downstream genes (Table 2), such as cardiac hypertrophy,21 atherosclerosis,22 microbial infection,23, 24, 25,43 SLE,19 ischemic stroke,44 vascular inflammation,20,45 liver fibrosis,21 and mood disorders.46 Here, KDM4A is linked to atherosclerosis.