ACE and acute kidney injury: Medical treatment with beta-adrenergic blockers or other medications like angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) and angiotensin II receptor 1 (ATIIR1) antagonists such as losartan may be considered. However, the efficacy of these treatments in ATS has not been established. Caution is necessary when using blood pressure-lowering medications in the presence of arterial stenosis, as they may increase the risk of renal failure. Surgical treatment involving a valve-sparing procedure can be an option to prevent the need for chronic anticoagulation.