While lupus patients were not found to have higher rates of nasal carriage than control subjects, those lupus patients who did have nasal S. aureus colonization had elevated anti-dsDNA, anti-RNP, anti-SSA, and anti-SSB autoantibody titers and increased rates of kidney disease, furthering a link between S. aureus and lupus (71). This evidence concerns the gene RNPC3 and kidney disorder.