TNF and breast cancer: In female mice receiving subcutaneous injection of breast cancer cells (4T1), giving them plant-derived Lactobacillus rich in selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) was shown to induce effective immune responses by increasing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-2 and increasing NK cell activity, significantly inhibiting tumor development and increasing survival rates compared to mice receiving only plant-derived Lactobacillus or control model mice (95).