HMGB1 and preterm premature rupture of the membranes: In addition, one study found that the mRNA expression and protein levels of several molecules, including HMGB1, RAGE, NF-κB/p65, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and MMP-2, were significantly increased in the HMGB1-RAGE pathway in pregnant women who had experienced pPROM compared with those who had experienced normal full-term pregnancies.