RBAC can also stimulate cytokine secretion in macrophages, especially TNF-α and IL-6, to initiate inflammation during infection [23,53,55,56,58] and activate autophagy-related proteins (Beclin-1, Atg5, Atg12, Atg16L) for clearing cellular debris and regulating inflammatory responses [23]. Here, ATG16L1 is linked to infection.