BAX and inflammatory bowel disease: Finally, apoptosis-related signaling pathways include Bcl-2/Bax, caspase-3 signaling pathways, etc. In addition, we also found that flavonoids and terpenoids have been extensively studied in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, and they can exert protective effects on tight junctions by modulating tight junction-related signaling pathways and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant-related signaling pathways.