As T1D is associated with impaired adaptive response to hypoxia, a common feature of T1D [17], and with chronic inflammation leading to the development of micro- and macrovascular complications [23], we also measured the effect of HIIE on the serum levels of selected pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, VEGF and of the main regulator of response to hypoxia, HIF-1α. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus.