CXCR3 and neoplasm: However, in an immunocompetent model in which the classical immune-mediated, anti-tumor paracrine effect of the CXCR3 axis was restored, antagonism of CXCR3 had no significant difference compared to the control animals, in line with previous studies implying a dysfunctional CXCR3 axis implicated in both anti-tumor immune modulation of the tumor microenvironment, as well as the opposing action of pro-tumor growth simulation.