TNF and lip and oral cavity carcinoma: In most cases, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-8), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), and pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TGF-β) are unbalanced in oral cancer, resulting in an immunosuppressive environment.