TGFB1 and central nervous system cancer: Furthermore, other pathways such as hypoxia, WNT, TGF-β, and PI3K are reportedly linked to glioma radio-resistance by modulating the TP53 pathway [33,38,39,40], and their activities were also elevated in the cluster (Figure 4a), indicating an intertwined effect of these pathways on the BSG radiotherapy response.