In human colorectal cell lines [190], FXR antagonist (guggulsterone) stimulated phosphorylation of the EGFR, p60Src and ERK1/2, whereas FXR agonist (GW4064) or overexpression reversed this effect and inhibited proliferation in vitro and in nude mice with human colon cancer xenografts. Here, MAPK3 is linked to colonic neoplasm.