CD68 and dysplasia: In this study, we performed immunohistochemical staining for HLA-I, PD-L1, γH2AX (DNA damage marker), IRF-1 (a representative HLA inducible factor), and immune cell markers such as CD8 (cytotoxic T cell marker), FOXP3 (regulatory T cell marker), CD68 (M1-like pro-inflammatory macrophage marker), and CD163 (M2-like anti-inflammatory macrophage marker) in surgically resected specimens from 17 patients with SCRC with 12 adjacent normal mucosa (NM) and 9 patients with UC with 18 dysplasia/CC tumors.