TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: As T2DM progresses, due to the toxic effects of the hyperglycemic environment, the compromise of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and NADPH oxidase leads to the production of ROS (mainly O2•−) in pancreatic β-cells [53] and increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory markers, such as TNF-α anti-inflammatory cytokines, and a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines, e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and C-reactive protein (CRP) [54].