IRS1 and Insulin resistance: PBDE-209 has been reported to hinder glucose absorption, increase the levels of total cholesterol (TC), TG, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and MDA through insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)/GLUT4 and IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) pathways, eventually interfering with glucolipid metabolism in buffalo rat liver cells with insulin resistance (IR-BRL) [71].