Previous research showed that PD169316 was a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK by inhibiting the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 induced by TGFβ [49], and it has been well studied in human ovarian cancer cells [50] and in equine digital vein endothelial cells [51]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to ovarian cancer.