PDIA3 mRNA expression has been shown to be remarkably higher in both low-grade gliomas (oligodendroglioma and astrocytoma) and glioblastomas compared to nontumor controls, as reported in the analysis of gene expression data of gliomas from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database [20]. Here, PDIA3 is linked to astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).