PDIA3 and breast carcinoma: Since the inhibition of PDIA3 was reported to affect cell cycle progression and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and HCT116 colon cancer cells [29,30], and considering that the WHO grade IV gliomas have a high propensity for proliferation sustained by an efficient cell cycle [31], we investigated whether inhibiting PDIA3 could lead to a cell cycle progression arrest and eventually trigger apoptosis in glioblastoma cells.