HMGB1 and COVID-19: To date, several clinical studies have shown that excessive HMGB1 levels in the serum of patients with COVID-19 positively correlate with increased levels of IL-6, TNF-ɑ, and IL-1, cytokine storms, and disease severity, making HMGB1 an important mediator for the surveillance and regulation of COVID-19 [16,17,39].