Patients with LV EF < 40%, previous myocardial infarction, AF, chronic lung disease, severe renal disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/m2), a history of cancer, and extreme values of Gal-3 (<1st percentile; >99th percentile) were excluded from that study [93]. This evidence concerns the gene LGALS3 and atrial fibrillation.