Nevertheless, PA, acting as a DAMP, also triggered the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from mitochondria to the cytoplasm, and the latter directly bound to NLRP3 inflammasomes, thereby initiating the activation of caspase-1 and the release of the pro-inflammatory IL-1β, which exacerbated NASH [66]. Here, CASP1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.