Furthermore, there is evidence that probiotics could be a promising therapeutic tool to improve T2DM due to their ability to modulate the gut microbiota, produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and glucagon-like peptides, elevate SIRT1, inhibit alpha-glucosidase and fetuin-A levels, and downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (Bajinka et al. 2023). Here, AHSG is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.