It is worth noting that even if FMD does not improve the efficacy of combined anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4 therapy against melanoma and lung cancer, FMD in combination with anti-OX40/anti-PD-L1 causes a strong delay in cancer growth in a sub-group of the animals tested indicating that, as observed in the clinical trials with melanoma patients, immunotherapy efficacy is likely affected by both characteristics of the tumor and the host. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is cancer.