Atypical ductal hyperplasia, ALH and LCIS are considered non-obligate precursor lesions for DCIS and invasive carcinomas,40and confer an increased relative risk for their subsequent development throughout life, ranging from 2.6–5.0 times for ADH, 3.2–4.8 times for ALH and 6–10 times for LICS.41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49. This evidence concerns the gene NSMCE3 and ductal breast carcinoma in situ.