TNF and neoplasm: These observations are likely attributable to increased levels of products of chronic inflammation including known tumor promotors such as interleukin (IL)-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-12, IL-23, IL-1β and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) as well as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and IL-10 which might inhibit anti-tumor immunity [11,12,13,14].