However, the underlying pathogenesis of manifestations may be different when comparing UC and CD— whereas CD seems to be primarily a Th1 cytokine mediated disease, with overproduction of IFN-γ, UC seems to be a “Th2-like” mediated disease with overproduction of IL-5 and IL-13 (cancer-promoting), but with normal IFN-γ and IL-4 levels. Here, IL4 is linked to cancer.