CSF2 and neoplasm: In this approach, CD14+ monocytes or CD34+ HSPCs are collected from patients by leukapheresis, differentiated into immature DCs in the presence of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), and simultaneously pulsed with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) or tumor cell lysates while being stimulated in a maturation cocktail (Figure 2A) [46,48,49,50].