Increased TSPO expression has been correlated with immunohistochemistry validation and TSPO-specific radiopharmaceuticals using PET in a wide variety of animal models demonstrating neuroinflammation injury and disease states, including Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, TBI, mTBI, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, experimental autoimmune encephalitis, ALS and others [46,61,62,63,80]. This evidence concerns the gene TSPO and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.