TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: The ELISA results showed a significant increase of the levels of IL-23, IL-17, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-6 in patients with initial-onset childhood SLE (Figures 3A–E, 9.78 ± 4.84 pg/ml vs. 27.53 ± 14.55 pg/ml; 7.80 ± 4.59 pg/ml vs. 12.77 ± 11.00 pg/ml; 3.62 ± 1.55 pg/ml vs.10.32 ± 9.57 pg/ml; 3.66 ± 1.73 pg/ml vs.6.99 ± 5.63 pg/ml; 2.72 ± 1.33 pg/ml vs.18.86 ± 15.98 pg/ml).