Other candidates mainly include growth factors and cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (Larsson-Callerfelt et al., 2020), Proteases (Reed and Kita, 2004; Chen et al., 2022), Interferon (IFN) (Erttmann et al., 2022), SCFAs(Theiler et al., 2019; Richards et al., 2020), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) (Rutting et al., 2019), Tobacco particles (Baskara et al., 2020; Danov et al., 2020) and so on, which are closely related to IBD and respiratory diseases. Here, VEGFA is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.