These inflammatory profiles include markers such as IL-1β, NLRP3, IL-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor, which have been implicated in VS progression by driving inflammation and angiogenesis within VS in niches of high cell division and tumour growth.13,43,49,60 Here, vascular-related cell abundances and gene expression were found to be comparable between NF2-SWN and sporadic VS tumours, and upon imaging, VS tissue showed similar niches of perivascular and diffuse tumour-associated macrophages. Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.