In this study, both NF2-SWN and sporadic VS had upregulated immune-related gene expression, as well as pathways involving leukocyte recruitment and activation, which, in sporadic VS, has previously been linked to longer durations of clinical symptoms and tumour growth.15,55 The similarity in these signatures between NF2-SWN and sporadic VS alludes to an equivalent aetiology in these VS tumours driven by neuroinflammatory signalling. This evidence concerns the gene NF2 and neoplasm.