PPARGC1A and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Astaxanthin administration (10, 30, 60 mg/kg bw every 2 d) to C57BL/6J mice on a high-fat diet (60% kcal from fat) for 10 wk alleviated NAFLD by reducing liver inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]) and promoting the fibroblast growth factor 21/PPARγ coactivator 1 alpha (FGF21/PGC-1α) pathway governing hepatic lipid metabolism [94].