In another study, Sprague-Dawley rats fed with a whole-food carotenoid source of spinach powder (2.5% or 5% in diet containing 20–24 or 50–53 μg total carotenoids (mixture of α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin) alleviated NAFLD through the promotion of fatty acid (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase long chain [Acadl], carnitine palmitoyltransferase II [Cpt2]) and cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1 [Apoa1], low-density lipoprotein receptor [Ldrl], and APC regulator of WNT signaling pathway [Apcg1] metabolism via PPAR (Pparα, Pparγ, and Pparδ) overexpression [95]. The gene discussed is APOA1; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.