CACNA1C and atrial fibrillation: Furthermore, we describe a phosphorylation-dependent downregulation of ICa,L (Figure 3) in the absence of decreased CaV1.2 (CACNA1C) expression (Figure 5) which has also been shown in patients with persistent AF.5,68 In contrast, animal models of AF-associated remodelling predominantly show a transcriptionally mediated reduction of CaV1.2.69–71 This indicates another potential human-specific mechanism in response to atrial TP.