BDNF and diabetes mellitus: J147 can target mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, increase levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), improve memory, reduce infarct volume in embolic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, and protect against diabetic mellitus-induced neuropathy (Prior et al. 2013; Daugherty et al. 2018; Goldberg et al. 2018; Li et al. 2020b; Pan et al. 2021; Jin et al. 2022).