Aside from conventional risk factors such as older age, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia (27), some CKD-specific nonconventional factors such as albuminuria (28), LVH (29), fibroblast growth factor 23 (30), deranged mineral metabolism (31), anemia (32) and inflammation (33) may all contribute to CVD. Here, FGF23 is linked to metabolic syndrome.