In humans, the interaction with initial inflammation associated with ARDS makes it difficult to extrapolate these results, but several pro-inflammatory mediators seem to be increased by MV (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, PAI-1, TNF receptor(R)-1, and TNFR) (11, 31, 49) (Figure 1). Here, IL6 is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.