TNF and COVID-19: Another mechanism that may also be involved in the development of AKI in COVID-19 is the storm of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) induced by SARS-CoV-2, which activates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) (2, 12, 13, 16, 18).