In the mouse ALI model, exosomes secreted by alveolar macrophages were found to carry TNF and IL-1β into alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells, promoting the expression of cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1, the injury of endothelial cells, and the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the lung and mediating the lung inflammatory injury of ALI (Ye et al., 2020). Here, IL1B is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.