TNF and lymphoma: A more recent French nationwide study of 189,289 adults with IBD followed for a median of 6.7 years reported a 2–3-fold higher risk of lymphoma in association with thiopurine (aHR: 2.60; 95% CI: 1.96, 3.44) and anti-TNF (aHR: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.60, 3.64) monotherapy, and a synergistic effect with combination therapy (aHR: 6.11; 95% CI: 3.46, 10.8).