CXCL1 and bacterial infectious disease: Abdel-Nour and colleagues found that HRI is involved in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 (Il1), Il-6, Il-8, and C-X-C chemokine motif ligand 1 (Cxcl1), upon intracellular bacterial infections (such as Shigella, Listeria, and Salmonella), and further elucidated that this regulation occurs through the activation of the ISR pathway [10].